Intervención educativa de enfermería para el autocuidado de los pies en personas que viven con diabetes tipo 2 / Nursing Educational Intervention for Foot Self-care in Persons Living with Type 2 Diabetes / Intervenção educativa de enfermagem para o autocuidado dos pés em pessoas que vivem com diabetes tipo 2

RESUMEN Objetivo: probar una intervención educativa con fundamento en la teoría de autocuidado, con aplicación pedagógica de la educación dialógica para el autocuidado de los pies. Materiales y métodos: estudio cuantitativo de diseño cuasiexperimental de preprueba y posprueba. El grupo experimental estuvo conformado por 40 personas y el grupo de comparación por 32. La variable de autocuidado de los pies se midió a través de dos instrumentos, "Autocuidados para prevenir el pie diabético" y "Autocuidados del pie diabético", este último elaborado por investigadores de la Universidad de Málaga. Resultados: en la preprueba, el 35 % de las personas del grupo experimental presentó un nivel bajo de autocuidado, el 28 % medio y el 37 % alto. Después de la intervención se observó un incremento estadísticamente significativo (p = 0,000) en el autocuidado; en cambio, el grupo de comparación mantuvo casi los mismos porcentajes, sin encontrarse diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren que una intervención educativa con fundamento teórico influye en la mejora del autocuidado de los pies de las personas que viven con diabetes, donde la enfermería cumple un papel fundamental para su desarrollo.

ABSTRACT Objective: The main objective of this study was to test an educational intervention that is founded on the theory of self-care and can be applied for teaching purposes in dialogic learning on foot self-care. Materials and methods: This is a quantitative study with a quasiexperimental design featuring a pre-test and post-test. There were 40 people in the experimental group and 32 in the comparison group. The "foot self-care" variable was measured through two instruments: "Self-care to prevent a diabetic foot" and "Self-care of the diabetic foot". The latter was developed by researchers from the University of Málaga. Results: In the pretest, 35% of those in the experimental group had a low level of self-care; 28%, a medium level; and 37%, a high level. A statistically significant increase (p = 0.000) in self-care was observed after the intervention. On the other hand, the comparison group maintained almost the same percentages, with no significant differences being found. Conclusions: The results suggest an educational intervention with a theoretical basis helps to improve foot self-care among people living with diabetes, and nursing plays a fundamental role in its development.

RESUMO Objetivo: testar uma intervenção educativa com fundamentos na teoria de autocuidado, com aplicação pedagógica da educação dia-lógica para o autocuidado dos pés. Materiais e métodos: estudo quantitativo de desenho quase-experimental de pré-teste e pós-teste. O grupo experimental esteve conformado por 40 pessoas e o grupo de comparação por 32. A variável de autocuidado dos pés foi medida por meio de dois instrumentos, "Autocuidados para prevenir o pé diabético" e "Autocuidados do pé diabético"; este último elaborado por pesquisadores da Universidad de Málaga. Resultados: no pré-teste, 35 % das pessoas do grupo experimental apresentou um nível baixo de autocuidado; 28 %, médio e 37 %, alto. Após a intervenção, observou-se um aumento estatisticamente significativo (p = 0,000) no auto-cuidado; em contrapartida, o grupo de comparação manteve quase as mesmas porcentagens, sem diferenças significativas. Conclusões: os resultados sugerem que uma intervenção educativa com fundamento teórico, na qual a enfermagem cumpre um papel fundamental para seu desenvolvimento, influencia na melhora do autocuidado dos pés das pessoas que vivem com diabetes.

Immigration experience of Latin American working women in Alicante, Spain: an ethnographic study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the experience of Latin American working women regarding immigration, taking into account the expectations and conditions in which this process takes place. METHOD: Ethnographic qualitative study. Data collection was performed by means of semi-structured interviews with 24 Latin American immigrant women in Spain. The information collected was triangulated through two focal groups. RESULTS: The expectations of migrant women focus on improving family living conditions. Social support is essential for their settling and to perform daily life activities. They declare they have adapted to the settlement country, although they live with stress. They perceive they have greater sexual freedom and power with their partners but keep greater responsibility in childcare, combining that with the role of working woman. CONCLUSIONS: Migrant women play a key role in the survival of households, they build and create new meanings about being a woman, their understanding of life, their social and couple relationships. Such importance is shaped by their expectations and the conditions in which the migration process takes place, as well as their work integration.

Immigration experience of Latin American working women in Alicante, Spain: an ethnographic study / Experiência da imigração da mulher latina trabalhadora em Alicante, Espanha - estudo etnográfico / Experiencia de la inmigración de la mujer latina trabajadora en Alicante, España. Un estudio etnográfico

OBJECTIVE: to describe the experience of Latin American working women regarding immigration, taking into account the expectations and conditions in which this process takes place. METHOD: ethnographic qualitative study. Data collection was performed by means of semi-structured interviews with 24 Latin American immigrant women in Spain. The information collected was triangulated through two focal groups. RESULTS: the expectations of migrant women focus on improving family living conditions. Social support is essential for their settling and to perform daily life activities. They declare they have adapted to the settlement country, although they live with stress. They perceive they have greater sexual freedom and power with their partners but keep greater responsibility in childcare, combining that with the role of working woman. CONCLUSIONS: migrant women play a key role in the survival of households, they build and create new meanings about being a woman, their understanding of life, their social and couple relationships. Such importance is shaped by their expectations and the conditions in which the migration process takes place, as well as their work integration. .

OBJETIVO: descrever a experiência da mulher latina trabalhadora no contexto da imigração, considerando as expectativas e as condições em que ocorre esse processo. MÉTODO: corresponde a estudo qualitativo de cunho etnográfico. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 24 mulheres imigrantes, na Espanha. As informações recolhidas foram analisadas por meio de dois grupos focais. RESULTADOS: as expectativas das mulheres migrantes focalizam a melhoria das condições da vida familiar. O apoio social é essencial para a residência e o desempenho das atividades da vida diária. Consideram-se adaptadas ao país de residência, embora admitam viver com stress. Veem-se como tendo maior liberdade sexual e maior poder na vida de casadas, mantendo, no entanto, maior responsabilidade no cuidado das crianças, faceta essa que se une ao papel de mulheres trabalhadoras. CONCLUSÕES: as mulheres migrantes desempenham papel central na sobrevivência das famílias, constroem e produzem novos significados sobre o que é ser mulher, a sua concepção de vida, as relações sociais e a vida a dois. Tais significados são determinados pelas expectativas e condições em que o processo de migração ocorre, assim como a sua inserção laboral. .

OBJETIVO: describir la experiencia de la mujer latina trabajadora de la inmigración, considerando las expectativas y condiciones en que se da este proceso. MÉTODO: correponde a un estudio cualitativo de corte etnográfico. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas a 24 mujeres latinas inmigrantes en España. Se trianguló la información recogida a través de dos grupos focales. RESULTADOS: las expectativas de las mujeres migrantes se enfocan en mejorar las condiciones de vida familiar. El apoyo social es fundamental para su asentamiento y para el desempeño de actividades de la vida diaria. Refieren estar adaptadas en el país de asentamiento, aunque viven con estrés. Se perciben con mayor libertad sexual y poder con sus parejas pero mantienen una mayor responsabilidad en el cuidado de los hijos, aunado al rol de mujer trabajadora. CONCLUSIONES: las mujeres migrantes juegan un papel central en la supervivencia de los hogares, construyen y crean nuevos significados acerca de ser mujer, su concepción de la vida, las relaciones sociales y de pareja. Tal significación está moldeada por las expectativas y las condiciones en que se da el proceso migratorio, así como su inserción laboral. .

Conductas relacionadas con la salud del adulto mayor en una comunidad suburbana del D F / Behaviors related to elderly population health in a developing community in Mexico City

Introducción: El envejecimiento es una de las expresiones más notables de los cambios registrados en la estructura demográfica mundial. Los últimos hallazgos en cuanto a factores determinantes del envejecimiento enfatizan que los aspectos relacionados con el estilo de vida saludable redundan en una vejez satisfactoria. Objetivo: Describir conductas relacionadas con la salud de los adultos mayores de una comunidad suburbana. Metodología: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, se aplicó una encuesta estructurada de 27 preguntas y dos escalas, una de actividad social y otra sobre riesgo nutricional a 382 personas mayores de 60 años. Los datos fueron procesados con el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 11.0. Para el análisis se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: 75.4% no cuenta con un trabajo remunerado, 47.8% percibe menos de un salario mínimo y 16.5% no percibe ningún ingreso, 67.3% no realiza ejercicio de ningún tipo, 48.2% se ubicó en riesgo nutricional alto, 92.7% se ubicó en nivel bajo de actividad social y un alto porcentaje refirió no conocer y nunca haberse puesto la vacuna antineumocóccica y antiinfluenza. Conclusiones: Los adultos mayores no tienen un estilo de vida saludable, relacionado con factores económicos, culturales y deficiente información.

Introduction: Aging is one of the more noticeable expressions of recorded changes in the worldwide demographic structure. The latest findings regarding determined factors of aging emphasize features related with healthy life style, resulting in satisfactory aging. Objective: To describe behaviors related with the health of elderly population in a developing community. Methodology: Descriptive, transversal study. A structured survey of 27 items and two scales, one of social activity and another one about nutritional risk, was applied to 382 people older than 60 years old. The data was processed with statistical program SPSS, version 11.0. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis of data. Results: 75.4 % do not hold a remunerative job; 47.8% earn less than the minimum wage; and 16.5% do not have any income. 67.3% do not perform any kind of exercise; 48.2% was placed in high nutritional risk. 92.7% was placed in a low level of social activity; and a high percentage asserted not-knowing and never having received either the pneumonia or flu vaccine. Conclusions: Elderly populations do not have a healthy life style related with economical, and cultural factors, or deficient information.

Estilos de vida: Experiencias con la adherencia al tratamiento no farmacológico en diabetes mellitus / Life styles: Experiences joined from a nonfarmacological treatment in a diabetes mellitus

El interés de realizar el presente estudio fue conocer las experiencias de las personas en el trascurso de un año, después de haber asistido a sesiones educativas donde se promovía la adherencia al tratamiento no farmacológico sobre diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en una comunidad semiurbana de la Ciudad de México. El estudio formó parte de los resultados del proyecto ESVIDIM-2 y fue financiado por el Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (PAPIIT), de la UNAM. Se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada, la cual fue grabada y trascrita íntegramente, para realizar un análisis de contenido. Los hallazgos se presentaron en dos categorías: experiencias que facilitan o estimulan la adherencia y experiencias que dificultan la adherencia. Se considera que el papel de la enfermera actualmente es contribuir en el establecimiento de estrategias para la adquisición y adherencia de estilos de vida saludables donde la persona se haga responsable de su propio cuidado incorporándolo en la toma de decisiones. Los resultados de este estudio ponen de manifiesto que la asistencia de las personas a sesiones educativas, tiene poco o ningún efecto en su salud, sin el seguimiento correspondiente del personal de salud para realizar asesorías, aclaraciones, actualizaciones y sobre todo un reforzamiento continuo de la motivación dirigida hacia el logro de un estado óptimo de salud

The interest to make this study was to now about experiences of the people in the course of a year, after to have attended educative sessions where the adhesion to a nonfarmacológical treatment is promoted for diabetes mellitus type 2 in an semiurban community of Mexico City. This study was part of the result from proyect ESVIDIM-2 and it was financed by the Program of Support to Projects of Investigation and Tecnological Innovation from UNAM. A semistructured interview was made which was recorded and transcribed completely, to make a content analysis. The findings appeared in two categories: experiences that facilitate the adhesion and experiences that make difficult the adhesion. The roll of the nurse nowadays is to contribute in the establishment of strategies for the acquisition and adhesion of healthful life styles where the person makes responsible of their own care incorporating it in the decision making. Results from this study show that the attendance of the people to educative sessions, has not effect in its health, without the corresponding pursuit of the personnel of health to make consultant's offices, explanations, updates and mainly a continuous reinforcing of the motivation directed towards the profit of an optimal state of health

Valoración de factores de riesgo para DM 2 en una comunidad semiurbana de la Ciudad de México / Diabetes mellitus 2 risk factors in a mexican city semi urban community

Introducción: Hoy en día la diabetes mellitus constituye un problema de salud pública, debido a ello se hace necesario de profesionales de la salud hacia los aspectos de detección temprana y reconocimiento de los grupos de riesgo, a fin de incidir en la preservación o modificación de los estilos de vida saludables. Objetivos: 1) Describir la frecuencia de factores de riesgo para DM2 presentes en una comunidad semiurbana, 2) Identificar el nivel de riesgo para DM2 en el grupo de edad entre 20-69 años de una comunidad semiurbana. Material y métodos: En una comunidad semiurbana de la Ciudad de México, se realizó visita domiciliaria hasta completar una muestra de 395 personas en las que se aplicó la Cédula de Entrevista Familiar (CEF) y se realizó la medición de parámetros clínicos, con referencia estándar para el diagnóstico de DM, somatometría y datos clínicos establecidos por la OMS, ADA, el Comité de Expertos sobre el Diagnóstico y Clasificación de la Diabetes Mellitus y el Comité de Unión Nacional de Prevención y Detección de la Hipertensión. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia para diabetes mellitus de 5%, con edad promedio de 38 años y predominio de las mujeres, en proporción de 2:1. Se observó un incremento en la prevalencia de 8.8% a 16.6% en el grupo de 40 a 49 años, y en el de 60 a 69 años. El IMC por arriba del estándar permitido fue de 28.9% y 27% en hombres; 39% y 20% de cada grupo presentan algún grado de obesidad. Conclusiones: El género femenino predomina con mayor predisposición al sobrepeso y obesidad. En ambos géneros se obtuvieron valores del ICC en niveles de riesgo, sobre todo en los grupos de edad más jóvenes. Se identificaron tres factores que más se asocian a la presencia de diabetes mellitus: la edad, particularmente en personas de >45 años, las cifras de TAS >140 mm/Hg y la presencia de antecedentes familiares diabéticos.

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus constitutes a major health public problem. Due to the rising figure of people with this problem, more health professionals are required to recognize high risk population and do early detection. To build health educational programs to promote healthier lifestyles. Objectives: To identify people from 20 to 69 year olds with low and high risk of Diabetes Mellitus type 2 of a semi-urban community. Methods: A population of 395 people was visited door to door who accepted previously to participate in this program. Our staff used a standardized process for the application of Family Interview Card (CEF-Cedula de Entrevista Familiar), and the standardized clinical parameters. It was considered the reference perimeters established by World Health Organization (WHO), American Diabetes Association (ADA), Expert Committee of diagnosis and classification of Diabetes Mellitus, and the National Union of Prevention and Detection of Hypertension. Results: 395 persons were studied, between 20 and 69. Average age: 38. 67% were women and 33% men. Diabetes is prevalent in 5.0% (> 200mg/dl casual Glucose) moreover 14.2% in 111 at 199 mg/dl of glycemia. 45% of people with diabetes were men and 55% women. There's an increasing prevalence in the 40-49 group of 8.8% and in the 60-69 group of 16%. According to the sex, body mass index average in females was 28.9 and 38.8% of them had obesity in varying degrees. For males body mass index average was 27.0 and 19.7% of them had also obesity in varying degrees. Conclusions: Women presented higher predisposition to overweight and obesity. A relevant data was waist:hip ratio of risk (0.84 women, 0.93 men) For both sexes in younger groups. The risk factors that were associated to diabetes mellitus were people older than 45, with more than 140 mmHg in Systolic Arterial Tension with diabetic relatives.